Physics Class 12 Formula Sheet PDF: All Chapters in Tables

This physics class 12 formula sheet PDF page lists the formulas of every Class 12 chapter in order, opening with Coulomb's law, $F = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$ . To keep a copy, use your browser's print option and save the page as a PDF. Class 12th students who want a physics formula sheet PDF for the board exam, NEET or JEE Main can revise from the same tables.

The chapters follow the current NCERT order for CBSE and most state boards. Optics uses the New Cartesian sign convention: distances measured against the incident light are negative. This is a revision summary, not material issued by any board. Need a class 11 physics formula sheet PDF, a Class 11th sheet that starts at chapter 1 or the physics class 10 formula sheet PDF instead? See Class 11 formulas, Class 10 formulas and the formula sheets hub.

Quick facts

Chapters
14, from electric charges to semiconductors
Opening law
$F = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$
Coulomb constant
1/(4πε₀) = 8.99 × 10⁹ ≈ 9 × 10⁹ N m²/C²
Optics signs
New Cartesian sign convention
PDF copy
Print this page and choose save as PDF
Useful for
Board exams, NEET, JEE Main

Chapters 1 and 2: electric charges, fields, potential and capacitance

The formula sheet for physics Class 12 chapter 1 comes first here. That chapter is electric charges and fields, and chapter 2 on potential and capacitance follows it.

Electrostatics formulas
Formula	Quantity found	SI unit	Page
$F = 9 \times 10^9\,\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}$	push or pull of two charges in air	N	Electrostatic force
$E = \frac{F}{q_0} = k\frac{q}{r^2}$	field strength around one charge	N/C	Electric field
$p = q \times 2a$	electric dipole moment	C m	Dipole moment
$E_{axial} = \frac{2kp}{r^3},\ E_{equatorial} = \frac{kp}{r^3}$	dipole field far away	N/C	Dipole moment
$\Phi_E = \oint \vec{E}\cdot d\vec{A} = \frac{q_{in}}{\varepsilon_0}$	Gauss's law	N m²/C	Electric flux
$E = \frac{\lambda}{2\pi\varepsilon_0 r},\ E = \frac{\sigma}{2\varepsilon_0}$	line charge and infinite sheet	N/C	Line charge density
$V = k\frac{q}{r}$	potential of a point charge	V	Voltage
$C = \frac{\varepsilon_0 A}{d},\ C' = KC$	parallel plate capacitor, with dielectric	F	Capacitance
$U = \frac{1}{2}CV^2 = \frac{Q^2}{2C}$	energy in a capacitor	J	Energy density

Example 1: Coulomb's law

A small sphere carrying +4.0 μC sits 60 cm from another carrying −5.0 μC, in vacuum. How strong is the force, and is it a push or a pull?

In SI units: q₁ = 4.0 × 10⁻⁶ C, q₂ = 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ C (size only), r = 0.60 m.

$F = \frac{(9 \times 10^9)(4.0 \times 10^{-6})(5.0 \times 10^{-6})}{(0.60)^2} = \frac{0.18}{0.36} = 0.50\ \text{N}$ .

Answer: 0.50 N. The charges have opposite signs, so the force is attractive.

Chapter 3: current electricity

Current, resistance and cells
Formula	Quantity found	SI unit	Page
$I = neAv_d$	current from drift speed	A	Drift velocity
$V = IR$	Ohm's law	V	Ohm's law
$R = \rho\frac{l}{A}$	resistance of a conductor	Ω	Resistivity
$V = \varepsilon - Ir$	terminal voltage of a cell with internal resistance	V	EMF
$\frac{P}{Q} = \frac{R}{S}$	balanced Wheatstone bridge	no unit	Resistance

Kirchhoff's junction rule conserves charge and the loop rule conserves energy. Use them for any network that cannot be reduced to series and parallel parts.

Chapters 4 to 7: magnetism, induction and alternating current

Magnetic effects, EMI and AC
Formula	Quantity found	SI unit	Page
$F = qvB\sin\theta$	magnetic force on a charge	N	Magnetic force
$r = \frac{mv}{qB}$	radius of a charge's circular path	m	Lorentz force
$B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r},\ B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2R},\ B = \mu_0 nI$	straight wire, centre of a loop, solenoid	T	Magnetic field
$\tau = NIAB\sin\theta$	torque on a current loop	N m	Magnetic moment
$\varepsilon = -N\frac{d\Phi}{dt}$	Faraday's law	V	Magnetic flux
$\varepsilon = -L\frac{dI}{dt},\ \varepsilon_2 = -M\frac{dI_1}{dt}$	self and mutual induction	V	Self inductance
$V_{rms} = \frac{V_0}{\sqrt{2}}$	rms value of a sinusoidal voltage	V	Voltage
$Z = \sqrt{R^2 + \left(\omega L - \frac{1}{\omega C}\right)^2}$	impedance of a series LCR circuit	Ω	Impedance
$\omega_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}}$	resonant angular frequency	rad/s	Impedance
$\frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p}$	ideal transformer	no unit	Mutual inductance

X_L = ωL rises with frequency while X_C = 1/(ωC) falls. At resonance they are equal and Z = R.

Chapters 8 to 10: electromagnetic waves and optics

EM waves, ray optics and wave optics
Formula	Quantity found	SI unit	Page
$c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0\varepsilon_0}} = \frac{E_0}{B_0}$	speed of light from field constants	m/s	Speed of light
$\frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{f}$	mirror formula	m⁻¹	Spherical mirrors
$\frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{f}$	lens formula	m⁻¹	Lens formula
$\frac{1}{f} = (n-1)\cdot\frac{R_2 - R_1}{R_1 R_2}$	lens maker's formula	m⁻¹	Lens maker
$P = \frac{1}{f}$	dioptres from focal length in metres	D	Power of lens
$\beta = \frac{\lambda D}{d}$	fringe width in Young's double slit	m	Wavelength

Example 2: convex lens with signs

A candle stands 25 cm to the left of a convex lens whose focal length is 20 cm. Locate the image and give the magnification.

Signs: u = −25 cm, f = +20 cm. From the lens formula, $\frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{20} - \frac{1}{25} = \frac{1}{100}$ , so v = +100 cm.

$m = \frac{v}{u} = \frac{100}{-25} = -4$ . Answer: a real, inverted image 100 cm to the right of the lens, four times as tall as the flame.

Chapters 11 to 14: dual nature, atoms, nuclei and semiconductors

Modern physics
Formula	Quantity found	SI unit	Page
$K_{max} = h\nu - \phi_0$	photoelectric equation	J or eV	Dual nature sheet
$\lambda = \frac{h}{p}$	de Broglie wavelength	m	Work function
$E_n = -\frac{13.6\ \text{eV}}{n^2}$	levels of the hydrogen atom	eV	Spectral lines
$K = \frac{2Ze^2}{4\pi\varepsilon_0 r_0}$	alpha particle energy and how near it gets to a nucleus	m	Closest approach
$R = R_0A^{1/3}$	nuclear radius	m	Modern physics
$\Delta E = \Delta m\,c^2$	binding energy from mass defect, 1 u ≈ 931.5 MeV	J or MeV	Relativity
$n_e n_h = n_i^2$	carrier concentrations in a semiconductor	m⁻⁶	Modern physics

The semiconductor chapter is mostly about diode and junction behaviour, so learn its graphs and circuits along with the one formula above.

How to revise from this physics class 12 formula sheet pdf

One chapter a day. Read the table, then cover the formula column and rewrite it from the quantity.
Learn the derivations the board asks for. Field of a dipole, capacitance of plates, lens formula and the lens maker's formula are frequent long answers.
Keep units in SI. μC, cm and nm cost more marks than any formula.
Use the sign convention every time. Write the sign of u, v and f before substituting.

Entrance exam students can add the NEET physics sheet and the JEE Main physics sheet.

Frequently asked questions

How can I get a PDF of this Class 12 physics formula sheet?

Open the print option in your browser and choose save as PDF. The tables are laid out to print cleanly on A4 pages.

What are the formulas in Class 12 physics chapter 1?

Coulomb's law, electric field of a point charge, dipole moment and dipole field, electric flux, Gauss's law, and the fields of a line charge, a plane sheet and a spherical shell.

Which sign convention is used for Class 12 optics?

The New Cartesian sign convention. Distances are measured from the pole or optical centre, positive in the direction of incident light and negative against it.

Is this formula sheet enough for the board exam?

It covers the formulas, but board papers also ask for derivations, diagrams and reasons. Use it with your textbook and past papers.

Is Class 12 physics useful for NEET and JEE?

Yes. Both entrance exams draw heavily on the Class 11 and Class 12 syllabus, so the same formulas apply, often in trickier combinations.